Cedar Mountain for a Brighter Safer Environment
TRIED AND TESTED
TRIED AND TESTED
OVER 4000 YEARS IN USE BY HUMANS AND NOW IT'S RE-DISCOVERED
OVER 4000 YEARS IN USE BY HUMANS AND NOW IT'S RE-DISCOVERED
ALL NATURAL MICRONIC DIFFUSION TECHNOLOGY
WITH OUR REVOLUTIONARY
CEDAR OIL BLEND COULD IMPROVE YOUR LIFE
DRAMATICALLY
WITH OUR REVOLUTIONARY
CEDAR OIL BLEND COULD IMPROVE YOUR LIFE
DRAMATICALLY
Here is an extract from one of the reports done by Rutgers on the efficacy of our proprietary oil on Bed Bugs
Scientific Report on inhalation of Cedar Oil
Effects of direct Cedrol inhalation into the lower airway on autonomic nervous activity in totally laryngectomized subjects
1. Katsumi Umeno1,4,
2. Etsuro Hori1,4,
3. Masahito Tsubota1,2,4,
4. Hideo Shojaku2,
5. Takaki Miwa3,
6. Yoshinao Nagashima5,
7. Yukihiro Yada5,
8. Toshiyuki Suzuki5,
9. Taketoshi Ono1,4,
10. Hisao Nishijo1,4,*
Changes in peripheral physiological functions during Cedrol inhalation
Figure 2A shows examples of SBP changes during inhalation of blank air and Cedrol in three subjects (KG, MT, and SY). SBP was around 120–160 mmHg during exposure to blank air while SBP gradually decreased during Cedrol inhalation. However, HR was relatively constant compared with the changes in SBP (Figure 2B). Figure 3 shows the averaged BP (A), HR (B), and RR (C) of the 11 subjects during inhalation of blank air and Cedrol. The mean SBP and DBP significantly decreased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P < 0.05). In contrast, Cedrol inhalation did not change mean HR and RR (paired t-test, P < 0.05). To analyze quantitatively the effects of Cedrol on SBP, simple regression analysis of SBP before and during Cedrol inhalation was performed (Figure 4). Analysis of variance indicated that the linear regression line fit to the data was statistically significant (F1,9 = 13.66, P < 0.01). The regression line is Y = 0.739X + 45.5, where Y and X represent SBP during Cedrol and air inhalation, respectively. A large open circle in Figure 4 represents the mean SBP changes in healthy subjects [6], and is located within the 95% confidence limit. This suggests that the effects of Cedrol were similar across the subjects with different SBP. However, since the slope of the regression line for SBP during Cedrol inhalation plotted against SBP during air inhalation is lower than 1.0, the effect of Cedrol was greater on SBP in hypertensive than normotensive subjects.
Changes in autonomic nervous functions during Cedrol inhalation
Figure 5 shows an example of spectral analysis of the SBP variability during inhalation of blank air (A) and Cedrol (B). The LF component of SBP variability decreased from 0.428 to 0.278 mmHg2 after Cedrol inhalation. This suggested suppression of sympathetic activity during Cedrol inhalation, consistent with BP reduction by Cedrol. The statistical analyses indicated that the mean LF components of SBP and DBP variability (LFSBPV, LFDBPV) significantly decreased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P < 0.05) (Figures 6A, B). The following analyses of HR variability also support this conclusion. The mean HFcomponent of HR variability (HFHRV) significantly increased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P ≤ 0.05) (Figure 7A). Although Cedrol inhalation did not affect mean LF/HF ratio derived from HR variability (LFHRV/HFHRV) (paired t-test, P ≥ 0.05) (data not shown), LFSBPV/HFHRV significantly decreased after Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P ≤ 0.01) (Figure 7B). Furthermore, the mean normalized HFHRV (nHFHRV) significantly increased, while the mean normalized LFHRV (nLFHRV) significantly decreased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P ≤ 0.05) (Figures 7C, D). Results in Figure 8 show the statistical comparison of ratios between LF components of HR and SBP variability (α index), which reflects BRS. Since all data from the 11 subjects showed a squared coherence of more than 0.5, all these data were included in the analysis. The statistical analysis indicated that baroreceptor sensitivity significantly increased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P < 0.05).
Effects of Cedrol on autonomic functions in totally laryngectomized patients
The present results indicated that Cedrol inhalation induced SBP and DBP reduction while HR and RR did not change. Consistent with BP reduction, spectral analysis indicated that the LF component of SBP and DBP variability (LFSBPV, LFDBPV) significantly decreased during exposure to Cedrol. Furthermore, the HF component of HR variability (HFHRV) significantly increased, while the LFSBPV/HFHRV ratio reduced during inhalation of Cedrol. These changes in the cardiovascular parameters were consistent in terms of peripheral autonomic nerve activity, suggesting that exposure to Cedrol increased parasympathetic activity and reduced sympathetic activity.
Baroreceptor sensitivity significantly increased during exposure to Cedrol. Consistent with the present results, increase in baroreceptor sensitivity was associated with increase in parasympathetic activity (HFHRV) and reduction in sympathetic activity (LFSBPV, LFDBPV, LFSBPV/HFHRV) [26], and a reduction in BP [27]. It has been reported that baroreceptor sensitivity decreased with increasing mental arousal [27], physical exercise [28], mental stimulation [29], and emotional behaviour [30]. These results, along with lesion studies [31, 32], suggest that the higher brain areas in the forebrain such as the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system modulate baroreflex. Afferent fibres from the baroreceptors project to the medulla, pons, and hypothalamus [33] where the baroreflex might interact with the higher brain areas. Since Cedrol might activate the limbic system through the vagal nerve (see below), Cedrol might also release the baroreflex from the central inhibition through the limbic system.
Thus, the data in the present study replicated the similar results obtained in healthy subjects in our previous study [6], suppression of sympathetic outflow and increase in parasympathetic outflow. However, respiration rate did not change in the present study although this parameter decreased in the healthy subjects [6]. These differences might be attributed to differences of the subjects and/or differences in inhalation routes between the two studies. Further studies are required to elucidate the effects of Cedrol on the cardiovascular system; it would be interesting to assess cardiovascular changes during exposure of Cedrol only to the upper airway using the same laryngectomized subjects.
Consistent with the present results, it is reported that vagal C-fibres were the dominant mediators of the tonic vasomotor inhibition exerted by cardiopulmonary receptors [42]. It is reported that selective chemical stimulation of pulmonary C-fibres produced cardiovascular depression, but not after lung denervation [11], while bronchial C-fibre stimulation did not produce such cardiovascular responses [43]. These results suggest that pulmonary C-fibres play an important role in the present results. Furthermore, a recent study using anaesthetized rats reported that direct Cedrol inhalation from the trachea activated pulmonary C-fibres, and changed autonomic functions [14]. These autonomic changes were abolished after vagotomy. It is noted that the previous studies reported genetic and functional diversity of bronchopulmonary C-fibre receptors [44, 45]. These results suggest that Cedrol stimulates a new type of receptor in the pulmonary C-fibres that selectively inhibits vasomotor tone through the central nervous system (see below in detail).
Neurophysiological studies reported that neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) responded to electrical and local chemical stimulation of pulmonary C-fibres [46, 47], and stimulation of the NTS neurones induced similar autonomic responses to peripheral chemical stimulation [48]. These results suggest that the NTS is a key structure for mediation of activity of pulmonary C-fibres. Furthermore, the NTS projects not only to the areas in the brainstem involved in autonomic control but also to the hypothalamus and the limbic system through the parabrachial nucleus [49, 50]. Non-invasive studies using humans and animals indicated that vagal stimulation induced alteration of brain activity in the olfactory bulb, brainstem, hypothalamus, and limbic system [51, 52]. Consistently, animal studies indicated that presentation of Cedar wood oil induced an increase in activity in the various brain areas in the olfactory and limbic systems [7, 8]. These areas send descending visceromotor outputs, and play an important role in autonomic functions [5]. Cedrol might induce autonomic alteration through these areas in the central nervous system. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether a local lower brainstem- or forebrain-mediated pathway, or both the pathways are involved in the autonomic changes observed in the present study.
In conclusion, to test possibility that Cedrol acts on bronchopulmonary C-fibre afferents, autonomic functions were analyzed using totally laryngectomized patients while they inhaled Cedrol directly through the lower airway. The results indicated that during Cedrol inhalation, SBP and DBP significantly decreased, and LF components of SBPV and DBPV also decreased. Consistently, the HF component of HRV and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) significantly increased. Thus, the data replicated the similar results found in the healthy subjects, suppression of sympathetic outflow and increase in parasympathetic outflow. These results suggest that Cedrol acts on the peripheral nervous system innervating the lower airway and pulmonary system. These results further suggest a new target for drug therapy for essential hypertension and sleep apnoea, in which elevated sympathetic activity contributes importantly to disease pathology [53].
Effects of direct Cedrol inhalation into the lower airway on autonomic nervous activity in totally laryngectomized subjects
1. Katsumi Umeno1,4,
2. Etsuro Hori1,4,
3. Masahito Tsubota1,2,4,
4. Hideo Shojaku2,
5. Takaki Miwa3,
6. Yoshinao Nagashima5,
7. Yukihiro Yada5,
8. Toshiyuki Suzuki5,
9. Taketoshi Ono1,4,
10. Hisao Nishijo1,4,*
Changes in peripheral physiological functions during Cedrol inhalation
Figure 2A shows examples of SBP changes during inhalation of blank air and Cedrol in three subjects (KG, MT, and SY). SBP was around 120–160 mmHg during exposure to blank air while SBP gradually decreased during Cedrol inhalation. However, HR was relatively constant compared with the changes in SBP (Figure 2B). Figure 3 shows the averaged BP (A), HR (B), and RR (C) of the 11 subjects during inhalation of blank air and Cedrol. The mean SBP and DBP significantly decreased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P < 0.05). In contrast, Cedrol inhalation did not change mean HR and RR (paired t-test, P < 0.05). To analyze quantitatively the effects of Cedrol on SBP, simple regression analysis of SBP before and during Cedrol inhalation was performed (Figure 4). Analysis of variance indicated that the linear regression line fit to the data was statistically significant (F1,9 = 13.66, P < 0.01). The regression line is Y = 0.739X + 45.5, where Y and X represent SBP during Cedrol and air inhalation, respectively. A large open circle in Figure 4 represents the mean SBP changes in healthy subjects [6], and is located within the 95% confidence limit. This suggests that the effects of Cedrol were similar across the subjects with different SBP. However, since the slope of the regression line for SBP during Cedrol inhalation plotted against SBP during air inhalation is lower than 1.0, the effect of Cedrol was greater on SBP in hypertensive than normotensive subjects.
Changes in autonomic nervous functions during Cedrol inhalation
Figure 5 shows an example of spectral analysis of the SBP variability during inhalation of blank air (A) and Cedrol (B). The LF component of SBP variability decreased from 0.428 to 0.278 mmHg2 after Cedrol inhalation. This suggested suppression of sympathetic activity during Cedrol inhalation, consistent with BP reduction by Cedrol. The statistical analyses indicated that the mean LF components of SBP and DBP variability (LFSBPV, LFDBPV) significantly decreased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P < 0.05) (Figures 6A, B). The following analyses of HR variability also support this conclusion. The mean HFcomponent of HR variability (HFHRV) significantly increased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P ≤ 0.05) (Figure 7A). Although Cedrol inhalation did not affect mean LF/HF ratio derived from HR variability (LFHRV/HFHRV) (paired t-test, P ≥ 0.05) (data not shown), LFSBPV/HFHRV significantly decreased after Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P ≤ 0.01) (Figure 7B). Furthermore, the mean normalized HFHRV (nHFHRV) significantly increased, while the mean normalized LFHRV (nLFHRV) significantly decreased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P ≤ 0.05) (Figures 7C, D). Results in Figure 8 show the statistical comparison of ratios between LF components of HR and SBP variability (α index), which reflects BRS. Since all data from the 11 subjects showed a squared coherence of more than 0.5, all these data were included in the analysis. The statistical analysis indicated that baroreceptor sensitivity significantly increased during Cedrol inhalation (paired t-test, P < 0.05).
Effects of Cedrol on autonomic functions in totally laryngectomized patients
The present results indicated that Cedrol inhalation induced SBP and DBP reduction while HR and RR did not change. Consistent with BP reduction, spectral analysis indicated that the LF component of SBP and DBP variability (LFSBPV, LFDBPV) significantly decreased during exposure to Cedrol. Furthermore, the HF component of HR variability (HFHRV) significantly increased, while the LFSBPV/HFHRV ratio reduced during inhalation of Cedrol. These changes in the cardiovascular parameters were consistent in terms of peripheral autonomic nerve activity, suggesting that exposure to Cedrol increased parasympathetic activity and reduced sympathetic activity.
Baroreceptor sensitivity significantly increased during exposure to Cedrol. Consistent with the present results, increase in baroreceptor sensitivity was associated with increase in parasympathetic activity (HFHRV) and reduction in sympathetic activity (LFSBPV, LFDBPV, LFSBPV/HFHRV) [26], and a reduction in BP [27]. It has been reported that baroreceptor sensitivity decreased with increasing mental arousal [27], physical exercise [28], mental stimulation [29], and emotional behaviour [30]. These results, along with lesion studies [31, 32], suggest that the higher brain areas in the forebrain such as the prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system modulate baroreflex. Afferent fibres from the baroreceptors project to the medulla, pons, and hypothalamus [33] where the baroreflex might interact with the higher brain areas. Since Cedrol might activate the limbic system through the vagal nerve (see below), Cedrol might also release the baroreflex from the central inhibition through the limbic system.
Thus, the data in the present study replicated the similar results obtained in healthy subjects in our previous study [6], suppression of sympathetic outflow and increase in parasympathetic outflow. However, respiration rate did not change in the present study although this parameter decreased in the healthy subjects [6]. These differences might be attributed to differences of the subjects and/or differences in inhalation routes between the two studies. Further studies are required to elucidate the effects of Cedrol on the cardiovascular system; it would be interesting to assess cardiovascular changes during exposure of Cedrol only to the upper airway using the same laryngectomized subjects.
Consistent with the present results, it is reported that vagal C-fibres were the dominant mediators of the tonic vasomotor inhibition exerted by cardiopulmonary receptors [42]. It is reported that selective chemical stimulation of pulmonary C-fibres produced cardiovascular depression, but not after lung denervation [11], while bronchial C-fibre stimulation did not produce such cardiovascular responses [43]. These results suggest that pulmonary C-fibres play an important role in the present results. Furthermore, a recent study using anaesthetized rats reported that direct Cedrol inhalation from the trachea activated pulmonary C-fibres, and changed autonomic functions [14]. These autonomic changes were abolished after vagotomy. It is noted that the previous studies reported genetic and functional diversity of bronchopulmonary C-fibre receptors [44, 45]. These results suggest that Cedrol stimulates a new type of receptor in the pulmonary C-fibres that selectively inhibits vasomotor tone through the central nervous system (see below in detail).
Neurophysiological studies reported that neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) responded to electrical and local chemical stimulation of pulmonary C-fibres [46, 47], and stimulation of the NTS neurones induced similar autonomic responses to peripheral chemical stimulation [48]. These results suggest that the NTS is a key structure for mediation of activity of pulmonary C-fibres. Furthermore, the NTS projects not only to the areas in the brainstem involved in autonomic control but also to the hypothalamus and the limbic system through the parabrachial nucleus [49, 50]. Non-invasive studies using humans and animals indicated that vagal stimulation induced alteration of brain activity in the olfactory bulb, brainstem, hypothalamus, and limbic system [51, 52]. Consistently, animal studies indicated that presentation of Cedar wood oil induced an increase in activity in the various brain areas in the olfactory and limbic systems [7, 8]. These areas send descending visceromotor outputs, and play an important role in autonomic functions [5]. Cedrol might induce autonomic alteration through these areas in the central nervous system. Further studies are necessary to elucidate whether a local lower brainstem- or forebrain-mediated pathway, or both the pathways are involved in the autonomic changes observed in the present study.
In conclusion, to test possibility that Cedrol acts on bronchopulmonary C-fibre afferents, autonomic functions were analyzed using totally laryngectomized patients while they inhaled Cedrol directly through the lower airway. The results indicated that during Cedrol inhalation, SBP and DBP significantly decreased, and LF components of SBPV and DBPV also decreased. Consistently, the HF component of HRV and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS) significantly increased. Thus, the data replicated the similar results found in the healthy subjects, suppression of sympathetic outflow and increase in parasympathetic outflow. These results suggest that Cedrol acts on the peripheral nervous system innervating the lower airway and pulmonary system. These results further suggest a new target for drug therapy for essential hypertension and sleep apnoea, in which elevated sympathetic activity contributes importantly to disease pathology [53].
The contents of this page are for the scientific minded visitors who like to read actual reports and data relating to the Cedar Oil products. There are many more published articles and data available in our library and you can find more information by searching Google.com
These are actual pictures ( but not to scale ) of our 2 ounce bottle of special proprietary pure oil blend and our beautifully designed and compact P.A.D. Personal Air Diffuser system that has already been shown to provide some incredible results and benefits for people all across America. The very small micron size in the diffusion allows penetration of soft furnishings, bedding, carpets, mattresses, drywall and even the human blood brain barrier.
Scientific Report of Autonomic Responses from Cedar Oil Inhalation.
Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural “Cedrol” in humans
Samantha Dayawansaab, Katsumi Umenoab, Hiromasa Takakuraab, Etsuro Horiab, Eiichi Tabuchiab, Yoshinao Nagashimac, Hiroyuki Oosuc, Yukihiro Yadac, T. Suzukic, Tatketoshi Onoab, Hisao Nishijo ab
Received 19 August 2002; received in revised form 8 July 2003; accepted 12 August 2003.
Abstract
It is well known that odors affect behaviours and autonomic functions. Previous studies reported that some compounds in cedar wood essence induced behavioural changes including sedative effects. In the present study, we analyzed cardiovascular and respiratory functions while subjects were inhaling fumes of pure compound (Cedrol) which was extracted from cedar wood oil.
Vaporized ( Diffused ) Cedrol (14.2±1.7 μg/l, 5 l/min) and blank air (5 l/min) were presented to healthy human subjects (n=26) via a face mask, while ECGs, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and respiratory rates (RR) were monitored. Statistical analyses indicated that exposure to Cedrol significantly decreased HR, SBP, and DBP compared to blank air while it increased baroreceptor sensitivity. Furthermore, respiratory rate was reduced during exposure to Cedrol. These results, along with the previous studies reporting close relationship between respiratory and cardiovascular functions, suggest that these changes in respiratory functions were consistent with above cardiovascular alterations.
Spectral analysis of HR variability indicated an increase in high frequency (HF) component (index of parasympathetic activity), and a decrease in ratio of low frequency to high frequency components (LF/HF) (index of sympathovagal balance) during Cedrol inhalation. Furthermore, Cedrol inhalation significantly decreased LF components of both SBP and DBP variability, which reflected vasomotor sympathetic activity. Over a measured time period, the therapeutic effects of the inhalation were noted to be considerable and varied. Taken together, these patterns of changes in the autonomic parameters indicated that Cedrol inhalation induced an increase in parasympathetic activity and a reduction in sympathetic activity, consistent with the idea of a relaxant effect of Cedrol.
Similar Overseas Scientific Study Extract.
Overseas survey of the effect of cedrol on the autonomic nervous system in three countries.
Yada Y, Sadachi H, Nagashima Y, Suzuki T. Kao Corporation, Tokyo Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan. yada_yukihiro@kao.co.jp Abstract
To clarify the influences of ethnic and regional characteristics, and differences in perception on the cedrol effect on autonomic nerve activity, we compared women in their 20s-40s in Norway, Thailand, and Japan. A questionnaire survey of sense of stress and sleep conditions was performed at the same time. The degree of perceived stress, using a 30-item checklist, was highest in Japanese women. The mean stress score exceeded 5.0 in Japanese women, significantly higher than in Thai women (p<0.05) and Norwegian women (p<0.01). Sleeping time was shortest in Japanese women in all generations among the three countries. As the index of autonomic nervous activity, the miosis rate (ratio of pupil-diameter variation after light stimulus to initial pupil diameter) in pupillary light reflex was measured before and after cedrol inhalation. The miosis rate significantly increased after cedrol exposure compared to that before exposure in all three countries, suggesting that the parasympathetic nervous system became dominant. These findings suggested that cedrol produces a sedative effect in people of the three countries despite differences in the ethnic and living environments.
Additional Scientific Study on Inhalation of Cedar Oil
Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural fragrance of Cedrol in humans.
Dayawansa S, Umeno K, Takakura H, Hori E, Tabuchi E, Nagashima Y, Oosu H, Yada Y, Suzuki T, Ono T, Nishijo H.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
Abstract
It is well known that odors affect behaviors and autonomic functions. Previous studies reported that some compounds in cedar wood essence induced behavioral changes including sedative effects. In the present study, we analyzed cardiovascular and respiratory functions while subjects were inhaling fumes of pure compound (Cedrol) which was extracted from cedar wood oil. Vaporized Cedrol (14.2+/-1.7 microg/l, 5 l/min) and blank air (5 l/min) were presented to healthy human subjects (n=26) via a face mask, while ECGs, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and respiratory rates (RR) were monitored. Statistical analyses indicated that exposure to Cedrol significantly decreased HR, SBP, and DBP compared to blank air while it increased baroreceptor sensitivity. Furthermore, respiratory rate was reduced during exposure to Cedrol. These results, along with the previous studies reporting close relationship between respiratory and cardiovascular functions, suggest that these changes in respiratory functions were consistent with above cardiovascular alterations. Spectral analysis of HR variability indicated an increase in high frequency (HF) component (index of parasympathetic activity), and a decrease in ratio of low frequency to high frequency components (LF/HF) (index of sympathovagal balance) during Cedrol inhalation. Furthermore, Cedrol inhalation significantly decreased LF components of both SBP and DBP variability, which reflected vasomotor sympathetic activity. Taken together, these patterns of changes in the autonomic parameters indicated that Cedrol inhalation induced an increase in parasympathetic activity and a reduction in sympathetic activity, consistent with the idea of a relaxant effect of Cedrol.
Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural “Cedrol” in humans
Samantha Dayawansaab, Katsumi Umenoab, Hiromasa Takakuraab, Etsuro Horiab, Eiichi Tabuchiab, Yoshinao Nagashimac, Hiroyuki Oosuc, Yukihiro Yadac, T. Suzukic, Tatketoshi Onoab, Hisao Nishijo ab
Received 19 August 2002; received in revised form 8 July 2003; accepted 12 August 2003.
Abstract
It is well known that odors affect behaviours and autonomic functions. Previous studies reported that some compounds in cedar wood essence induced behavioural changes including sedative effects. In the present study, we analyzed cardiovascular and respiratory functions while subjects were inhaling fumes of pure compound (Cedrol) which was extracted from cedar wood oil.
Vaporized ( Diffused ) Cedrol (14.2±1.7 μg/l, 5 l/min) and blank air (5 l/min) were presented to healthy human subjects (n=26) via a face mask, while ECGs, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and respiratory rates (RR) were monitored. Statistical analyses indicated that exposure to Cedrol significantly decreased HR, SBP, and DBP compared to blank air while it increased baroreceptor sensitivity. Furthermore, respiratory rate was reduced during exposure to Cedrol. These results, along with the previous studies reporting close relationship between respiratory and cardiovascular functions, suggest that these changes in respiratory functions were consistent with above cardiovascular alterations.
Spectral analysis of HR variability indicated an increase in high frequency (HF) component (index of parasympathetic activity), and a decrease in ratio of low frequency to high frequency components (LF/HF) (index of sympathovagal balance) during Cedrol inhalation. Furthermore, Cedrol inhalation significantly decreased LF components of both SBP and DBP variability, which reflected vasomotor sympathetic activity. Over a measured time period, the therapeutic effects of the inhalation were noted to be considerable and varied. Taken together, these patterns of changes in the autonomic parameters indicated that Cedrol inhalation induced an increase in parasympathetic activity and a reduction in sympathetic activity, consistent with the idea of a relaxant effect of Cedrol.
Similar Overseas Scientific Study Extract.
Overseas survey of the effect of cedrol on the autonomic nervous system in three countries.
Yada Y, Sadachi H, Nagashima Y, Suzuki T. Kao Corporation, Tokyo Research Laboratories, Tokyo, Japan. yada_yukihiro@kao.co.jp Abstract
To clarify the influences of ethnic and regional characteristics, and differences in perception on the cedrol effect on autonomic nerve activity, we compared women in their 20s-40s in Norway, Thailand, and Japan. A questionnaire survey of sense of stress and sleep conditions was performed at the same time. The degree of perceived stress, using a 30-item checklist, was highest in Japanese women. The mean stress score exceeded 5.0 in Japanese women, significantly higher than in Thai women (p<0.05) and Norwegian women (p<0.01). Sleeping time was shortest in Japanese women in all generations among the three countries. As the index of autonomic nervous activity, the miosis rate (ratio of pupil-diameter variation after light stimulus to initial pupil diameter) in pupillary light reflex was measured before and after cedrol inhalation. The miosis rate significantly increased after cedrol exposure compared to that before exposure in all three countries, suggesting that the parasympathetic nervous system became dominant. These findings suggested that cedrol produces a sedative effect in people of the three countries despite differences in the ethnic and living environments.
Additional Scientific Study on Inhalation of Cedar Oil
Autonomic responses during inhalation of natural fragrance of Cedrol in humans.
Dayawansa S, Umeno K, Takakura H, Hori E, Tabuchi E, Nagashima Y, Oosu H, Yada Y, Suzuki T, Ono T, Nishijo H.
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan.
Abstract
It is well known that odors affect behaviors and autonomic functions. Previous studies reported that some compounds in cedar wood essence induced behavioral changes including sedative effects. In the present study, we analyzed cardiovascular and respiratory functions while subjects were inhaling fumes of pure compound (Cedrol) which was extracted from cedar wood oil. Vaporized Cedrol (14.2+/-1.7 microg/l, 5 l/min) and blank air (5 l/min) were presented to healthy human subjects (n=26) via a face mask, while ECGs, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and respiratory rates (RR) were monitored. Statistical analyses indicated that exposure to Cedrol significantly decreased HR, SBP, and DBP compared to blank air while it increased baroreceptor sensitivity. Furthermore, respiratory rate was reduced during exposure to Cedrol. These results, along with the previous studies reporting close relationship between respiratory and cardiovascular functions, suggest that these changes in respiratory functions were consistent with above cardiovascular alterations. Spectral analysis of HR variability indicated an increase in high frequency (HF) component (index of parasympathetic activity), and a decrease in ratio of low frequency to high frequency components (LF/HF) (index of sympathovagal balance) during Cedrol inhalation. Furthermore, Cedrol inhalation significantly decreased LF components of both SBP and DBP variability, which reflected vasomotor sympathetic activity. Taken together, these patterns of changes in the autonomic parameters indicated that Cedrol inhalation induced an increase in parasympathetic activity and a reduction in sympathetic activity, consistent with the idea of a relaxant effect of Cedrol.